8.1. COUNTERMARKS OF THE
CIVIL WAR 68/69 AD
("Vindex" Countermarks)
This section covers
"X", "SPQR", "SPO", "SPR", "PR",
"X" for
LEGIO X GEMINA on Nero
Dupondius,
Pannonia Superior (countermark Martini
Pangerl
Collection 82), possible applied not during Vindex, but later during
Vespasianus
"SPQR"
on Nero's face, possibly
related
to the Vindex uprising (countermark Martini
Pangerl
Collection 27)
"PR" for "Populus Romanus" on Nero and Claudius Coins (countermark Martini Pangerl Collection 87), exists in various shapes and sizes, also in mirror/retrograde
Little "PR" on a NeroDupondius
Another little "PR" (?) on Nero, maybe a SPQR imitation ?
Large "PR" in mirror writing on Nero sestertius
Punched "PR" on Nero As
"PR" on imitation Claudius AEs originating in the Balkan
Region
To the left a regular "PR" (on Claudius).
The middle coin shows "PR" in mirror and in addition a "LXV"
countermark, likely for the Legio XV Apollinaris (on Claudius) (see
also legionary cmks).
The coin to the right shows a retrograde "RP" variation (host coins
is from Nero)