8.1. COUNTERMARKS OF THE CIVIL WAR 68/69 AD
("Vindex" Countermarks)

This section covers
"X", "SPQR", "SPO", "SPR", "PR",
 

"X" for LEGIO X GEMINA on Nero Dupondius, Pannonia Superior (countermark Martini Pangerl Collection 82), possible applied not during Vindex, but later during Vespasianus

"SPQR" on Nero's face, possibly related to the Vindex uprising (countermark Martini Pangerl Collection 27)



 

"SPO" for SPQR on Nero Dupondius  "SPR" for SPQR on Nero Dupondius

 

"PR" for "Populus Romanus" on Nero and Claudius Coins (countermark Martini Pangerl Collection 87), exists in various shapes and sizes, also in mirror/retrograde

Little "PR" on a NeroDupondius


Another little "PR" (?) on Nero, maybe a SPQR imitation ?

Large "PR" in mirror writing on Nero sestertius

Punched "PR" on Nero As

"PR" on imitation Claudius AEs originating in the Balkan Region



To the left a regular "PR" (on Claudius).
The middle coin shows "PR" in mirror and  in addition a "LXV" countermark, likely for the Legio XV Apollinaris (on Claudius) (see also legionary cmks).
The coin to the right shows a retrograde "RP" variation (host coins is from Nero)